Herein, we aimed at conducting a literature review which is conceptualized as the ‘gold standard’ since it provides a detailed and comprehensive literature surveying on an emerging topic. We further highlighted the significance of macrominerals throughout the different human life cycle and in context to different sex type for each mineral as outlined in the next subsections.Ĭlinicians and nutritionists mainly benefit from review articles to update their knowledge in their field of specialization, use these articles as an up-to-date guideline and employ the best scientific information available to apply to clinical practice ( Gülpınar and Güçlü, 2013). Their health benefits, levels in selected food sources, exact required daily intake of each macromineral will be covered, as well as, the risks of having more or less intake. This review is an attempt to illustrate and provide an in-depth discussion on the role of macrominerals in our bodies. Many medical conditions could arise in cases of excessive intake or deficiency ( Morris and Mohiuddin, 2021). In fact, they are essential for a wide variety of metabolic and physiological processes in the human body, especially in homeostasis as well as metabolism, along with their well-known importance for proper functioning organs and overall good development and growth of our bodies. Macrominerals are required by the body to sustain its basic functions and are optimally obtained by eating a balanced diet. On the other hand, microminerals are needed in amounts lower than 100 mg/day and to include elements such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), fluorine (F), boron (B), cobalt (Co), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), arsenic (Ar), tin (Sn), lithium (Li) and nickel (Ni) ( Morris and Mohiuddin, 2021). Macrominerals are typically needed at levels higher than 100 mg/day to include calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). These minerals are usually classified into two main categories that are the micro- and macro-minerals depending on their required daily intake rather than their relative importance or physiological functions ( Gupta and Gupta, 2014 Morris and Mohiuddin, 2021). The human body needs about twenty different minerals in order to function properly. There is still a need to precisely demonstrate the bioavailability of macrominerals from various types of functional food. Based on the in-depth understanding of the factors influencing the metabolism of macrominerals, we could better explore their safety and possible therapeutic potential in specific disorders. The current review identified the role of macrominerals in human health, in addition to their absorption and homeostasis in the body. The effect of sex is also presented for each mineral at each life stage to highlight the different daily requirements and/ or effects. In addition, a deep insight into the orchestration of the 6 different macrominerals’ requirements is presented across the human life cycle, beginning from fertility and pregnancy, and reaching adulthood and senility, with insight on interactions among them and underlying action mechanisms. We also focused on their amount in major food sources and the recommended daily intake of each macromineral. The current review attempts to identify the role of macrominerals as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and sulfur in human health, in addition to their absorption and homeostasis inside the body. A myriad of biochemical reactions are dependent on or affected by these electrolytes. Macrominerals play vital roles in a multitude of physiologic systems.
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